The development of the theory of unlawful acts in civil law regarding gender inequality and social justice values
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Published:
Jul 31, 2025
Keywords:
Civil Law, Gender Inequality, Reinterpretation Of Law, UNL
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Abstract
This study examines the development of the theory of unlawful acts (UNL) in Indonesian civil law and its contribution to addressing gender inequality and achieving social justice values. The main focus lies on how civil law, which was initially neutral and individualistic, has undergone a transformation in responding to structural issues such as gender-based discrimination. This study was conducted by tracing various classical to contemporary legal literature, both from national and international perspectives, in order to understand how the concept of UNL has developed in theoretical and applied dimensions. The results of the review show that the UNL theory, which was initially limited to violations of formal legal norms, has experienced an expansion of meaning to include violations of norms of propriety, morality, and basic rights that are socially protected. In the context of gender inequality, it was found that civil law often produces inequality through formally neutral interpretations but ignores the unequal social structural context. Feminist literature and social justice theory then propose a reinterpretation of UNL to be more responsive to violations that are systemic and discriminatory against women. This study concludes that the reconstruction of UNL needs to be directed towards the paradigm of substantive and inclusive justice.
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Murti, Setianingsih, E. ., & Fristia Maulana, A. . (2025). The development of the theory of unlawful acts in civil law regarding gender inequality and social justice values. Journal of Law Science, 7(3), 594-602. https://doi.org/10.35335/jls.v7i3.6513
References
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Yalley, A. A., & Olutayo, M. S. (2020). Gender, masculinity and policing: An analysis of the implications of police masculinised culture on policing domestic violence in southern Ghana and Lagos, Nigeria. Social Sciences and Humanities Open, 2(1), 100077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2020.100077
Aurelie, B. G., Purwendah, E. K., & Artikel, R. (2022). Aurelie et al., 2022. 17(1), 35–58.
Azeem, R., Hundt, A., Mansouri, M., & Brandão, M. (2024). LLM-Driven Robots Risk Enacting Discrimination, Violence, and Unlawful Actions. http://arxiv.org/abs/2406.08824
Bernadika, S. R., & Kavita, M. (2021). Overkriminalisasi dan Ketidakadilan Gender: Norma Kesusilaan Sebagai Dasar Pembatasan Kebebasan Berpakaian Perempuan di Muka Umum. Binamulia Hukum, 10(2), 133–149. https://doi.org/10.37893/jbh.v10i2.560
Borras, S. M., Franco, J. C., & Nam, Z. (2020). Climate change and land: Insights from Myanmar. World Development, 129, 104864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104864
Byrd, M. Y., & Sparkman, T. E. (2022). Reconciling the Business Case and the Social Justice Case for Diversity: A Model of Human Relations. Human Resource Development Review, 21(1), 75–100. https://doi.org/10.1177/15344843211072356
Fitri, W., Priyono, F. D., & Turisno, B. E. (2023). Aspek hukum keperdataan terhadap pemenuhan hak restitusi dalam perkara tindak pidana. JPPI (Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Indonesia), 9(1), 87. https://doi.org/10.29210/020221801
Gillborn, D., McGimpsey, I., & Warmington, P. (2022). The fringe is the centre: Racism, pseudoscience and authoritarianism in the dominant English education policy network. International Journal of Educational Research, 115(August), 102056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2022.102056
Gilmour, P., Pandey, D., & Goldbarsht, D. (2025). Registers of beneficial owners based on blockchain technology: Implications for the accounting profession. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 214(February), 124051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2025.124051
Halipah, G., Purnama, D. F., Pratama, B. T., Suryadi, B., & Hidayat, F. (2023). Tinjauan Yuridis Konsep Perbuatan Melawan Hukum dalam Konteks Hukum Perdata. Jurnal Penelitian Serambi Hukum, 16(01), 138–143. https://doi.org/10.59582/sh.v16i01.923
I Dewa Gede Atmadja. (2021). Legal Ideology on Social Justice Perspective. Journal Equity of Law and Governance, 1(2), 158–163. https://doi.org/10.55637/elg.1.2.4345.158-163
Krupiy, T. (Tanya). (2020). A vulnerability analysis: Theorising the impact of artificial intelligence decision-making processes on individuals, society and human diversity from a social justice perspective. Computer Law and Security Review, 38, 105429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2020.105429
Lähteenmäki-Uutela, A., Lonkila, A., Huttunen, S., & Grmelová, N. (2021). Legal rights of private property owners vs. sustainability transitions? Journal of Cleaner Production, 323(August 2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129179
Malgieri, G., & Pasquale, F. (2024). Licensing high-risk artificial intelligence: Toward ex ante justification for a disruptive technology. Computer Law and Security Review, 52(November 2023), 105899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2023.105899
Mcandrew, W. P., Speaker, P. J., Houck, M. M., & Franklin, B. (2023). Forensic Science International?: Synergy Interpol review of forensic management , 2019 – 2022. Forensic Science International: Synergy, 6(February), 100301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsisyn.2022.100301
Muti, G., & Salvucci, G. (2024). Streets of memory: Urban practices of civil antimafia resistance. Political Geography, 113(June), 103156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2024.103156
Nnam, M. U., Onya, V. O., Obi, C. F., Ogbonnaya, C. E., & Arua, M. C. (2021). Towards Noncustodial Harm Reduction in Substance Abuse Amongst Youths: The Need to Incorporate Social Marketing Interventions into the Nigerian Legal Framework. Scientific African, 12, e00799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00799
Nurisman, E. (2022). Risalah Tantangan Penegakan Hukum Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Seksual Pasca Lahirnya Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2022. Jurnal Pembangunan Hukum Indonesia, 4(2), 170–196. https://doi.org/10.14710/jphi.v4i2.170-196
Pas, A., & Cavanagh, C. (2022). Understanding ‘night grazing’: Conservation governance, rural inequalities, and shifting responses ‘from above and below’ throughout the nychthemeron in Laikipia, Kenya. Geoforum, 134(July), 143–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2022.04.015
Riis, T. (2025). A model of ‘rough justice’ for internet intermediaries from the perspective of EU copyright law. Computer Law and Security Review, 56(October 2022), 106094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2024.106094
Sarabdeen, J. (2022). Protection of the rights of the individual when using facial recognition technology. Heliyon, 8(3), e09086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09086
Sean, M., & Id, O. (1820). A Long Road: 1 Patterns and Prospects for Social Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion in Public Administration. 0–3. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12830
Sovacool, B. K. (2021). When subterranean slavery supports sustainability transitions? power, patriarchy, and child labor in artisanal Congolese cobalt mining. Extractive Industries and Society, 8(1), 271–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2020.11.018
Tuffuor, K. A. (2023). Peace, justice and security in Ghana: The need for peace education. World Development Sustainability, 3(April), 100086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wds.2023.100086
Van Hout, M. C. (2022). Navigating the complexities of (trans) gender equality rights within the parameters of reasonable accommodation and security tensions in South African prisons: The judgement of September v Subramoney. Forensic Science International: Mind and Law, 3(January), 100077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsiml.2022.100077
Wang, P. (2025). Critically analyzing the overturning of Roe v. Wade: What is wrong with Dobbs v. Jackson and how it can provide implications for democratic education. Social Sciences and Humanities Open, 12(June), 101669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101669
Yalley, A. A., & Olutayo, M. S. (2020). Gender, masculinity and policing: An analysis of the implications of police masculinised culture on policing domestic violence in southern Ghana and Lagos, Nigeria. Social Sciences and Humanities Open, 2(1), 100077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2020.100077
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