Deliberation and Implementation in Collaborative Governance: Insights Geopark Development in Indonesia
Main Article Content
Abstract
Collaborative governance has emerged as a promising approach for managing sustainable tourism development in geoparks. This study examines the collaborative governance process in the development of Maros-Pangkep Geopark in South Sulawesi, Indonesia, focusing on the deliberation and implementation stages. Through qualitative analysis, the study identifies strategies for enhancing the effectiveness of these critical stages. In the deliberation stage, establishing clear protocols for inclusive dialogue, integrating scenario planning, forming thematic working groups, and instituting regular monitoring and evaluation are found to be essential for developing a robust geopark management framework. The implementation stage requires effective coordination and communication mechanisms, alignment with UNESCO Global Geopark guidelines and Sustainable Development Goals, mobilization of stakeholder resources, local capacity building, and robust monitoring and evaluation systems. The study highlights the potential of collaborative governance to deliver sustainable development outcomes, as evidenced by Maros-Pangkep Geopark's contributions to multiple SDGs. However, sustaining and scaling up these achievements demands ongoing commitment, adaptability, and collaboration among stakeholders. The findings offer valuable insights for enhancing collaborative governance in geopark management, emphasizing stakeholder engagement, strategic planning, and adaptive management. The Maros-Pangkep Geopark case study provides lessons for other geoparks and protected areas seeking to foster sustainable tourism development through collaborative governance approaches. This study contributes to the growing knowledge on collaborative governance in sustainable tourism development, particularly in geoparks. It provides a comprehensive analysis of the deliberation and implementation stages, identifying key strategies and best practices. The findings have practical implications for geopark managers, policymakers, and stakeholders seeking to optimize collaborative governance approaches. Furthermore, the study advances the theoretical understanding of collaborative governance by integrating insights from sustainable tourism, protected area management, and stakeholder engagement literature
Article Details
How to Cite
Dwipati, U. ., Ibrahim, M. A. ., & Abdullah, M. T. . (2025). Deliberation and Implementation in Collaborative Governance: Insights Geopark Development in Indonesia. Journal of Law Science, 7(2), 329-338. https://doi.org/10.35335/jls.v7i2.6138
References
Abbasov, K. (2023). Income Inequality, Distributive Justice, and Sustainable Development: Implications for Niagara Peninsula Aspiring Global Geopark. Brock University.
Abdillah, Y., Supriono, S., & Supriyono, B. (2022). Change and innovation in the development of Balinese dance in the garb of special interest tourism. Cogent Social Sciences, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2076962
Addyman, S. (2025). Taking a Selfie: Researcher-practitioner positionality and reflexivity in project scholarship. Project Leadership and Society, 6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plas.2024.100175
Al Hazar, B., Sumarmi, S., Astina, I. K., & Shrestha, R. P. (2024). Mappalili Ceremony in Supporting Unesco Version of Cultural Tourism in Maros- Pangkep Geopark. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 52(1), 360–371. https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.52135-1212
Ansell, C., Doberstein, C., Henderson, H., Siddiki, S., & ‘t Hart, P. (2020). Understanding inclusion in collaborative governance: a mixed methods approach. Policy and Society, 39(4), 570–591. https://doi.org/10.1080/14494035.2020.1785726
Ansell, C., & Gash, A. (2018). Collaborative Platforms as a Governance Strategy. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 28(1), 16–32. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mux030
Bryson, J. M., Crosby, B. C., & Stone, M. M. (2006). The Design and Implementation of Cross?Sector Collaborations: Propositions from the Literature. Public Administration Review, 66(s1), 44–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00665.x
Comendeiro-Maaløe, M., Ridao-López, M., Gorgemans, S., & Bernal-Delgado, E. (2019). A comparative performance analysis of a renowned public private partnership for health care provision in Spain between 2003 and 2015. Health Policy, 123(4), 412–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2018.11.009
Creswell, J. W. . (2007). Qualitative inquiry & research design?: choosing among five approaches. Sage Publications.
Emerson, K., & Nabatchi, T. (2015). Evaluating the productivity of collaborative governance regimes: A performance matrix. Public Performance and Management Review, 38(4), 717–747. https://doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2015.1031016
Frey, M.-L. (2021). Geotourism—Examining Tools for Sustainable Development. Geosciences, 11(1), 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11010030
Fung, A. (2006). Varieties of Participation in Complex Governance. Public Administration Review, 66(s1), 66–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00667.x
Ghorbani, M., & Azadi, H. (2021). A Social-Relational Approach for Analyzing Trust and Collaboration Networks as Preconditions for Rangeland Comanagement. Rangeland Ecology and Management, 75, 170–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2020.10.008
Hanson-DeFusco, J. (2023). What data counts in policymaking and programming evaluation – Relevant data sources for triangulation according to main epistemologies and philosophies within social science. Evaluation and Program Planning, 97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2023.102238
Ibrahim, M. S. N., Abdul-Halim, S., Ishak, M. Y., & Hassan, S. (2021). The local community awareness on Langkawi UNESCO Global Geopark status: Case of Kampung Padang Puteh, Langkawi, Malaysia. International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks, 9(2), 233–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgeop.2021.02.009
Johansson, J. (2024). What is at stake and what does it take? Collaborative governance and policy (in)action in the adoption of a National Forest Programme. Scandinavian Political Studies, 47(4), 552–574. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9477.12284
Kaze, K., Balta-Ozkan, N., & Shrimpton, E. (2025). Connecting power to people: Integrating community renewable energy and multi-level governance towards low-carbon energy transition in Nigeria. Energy Research and Social Science, 121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2025.103938
Khasanah, U., Martono, D. N., & Supriatna, S. (2023). Role and Effectiveness of the Ciletuh-Palabuhanratu Geopark in Acceleration Achievement of Sustainable Development Goals Pillars of Economic Development. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 9(10), 8034–8039. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i10.5403
labadi, S., Giliberto, F., Rosetti, I., Shetabi, L., & Yildirim, E. (2021). Heritage and the Sustainable Development Goals: Policy Guidance for Heritage And Development Actors. www.icomos.org
Lee, Y. J., & Jayakumar, R. (2021). Economic impact of UNESCO Global Geoparks on local communities: Comparative analysis of three UNESCO Global Geoparks in Asia. International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks, 9(2), 189–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgeop.2021.02.002
Maskun, Mukarramah, N. H. Al, Bachril, S. N., & Assidiq, H. (2021). Preservation of Rammang-Rammang biodiversity: questioning legal certainty of local community. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 886(1), 012024. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/886/1/012024
Mastika, I. K., Harsono, S. S., Khristianto, W., Oktawirani, P., & Hutama, P. S. (2023). Creative strategies of local resources in managing geotourism in the Ijen Geopark Bondowoso, East Java, Indonesia. International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks, 11(1), 149–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgeop.2023.01.002
Matshusa, K., Leonard, L., & Thomas, P. (2021). The Contribution of Geotourism to Social Sustainability: Missed Opportunity? The International Journal of Social Sustainability in Economic, Social, and Cultural Context, 17(1), 95–118. https://doi.org/10.18848/2325-1115/CGP/v17i01/95-118
Mihardja, E. J., Khansa, A., Azura, D., Didih, M., & Puja, D. R. (2022). Peningkatan Kapasitas Masyarakat Dalam Dalam Mempersiapkan Desa Geowisata Kopi Sesuai Dengan Konsep Community Based Tourism (Cbt) Di Ulubelu, Lampung. Jurnal IKRATH-ABDIMAS, 5(3), 242–246. https://journals.upi-yai.ac.id/index.php/IKRAITH-ABDIMAS/issue/archive
Moreno, M., Ortiz, R., Cagigas-Muñiz, D., Becerra, J., Martin, J. M., Prieto, A. J., Garrido-Vizuete, M. A., Macías-Bernal, J. M., Chávez, M. J., & Ortiz, P. (2022). ART-RISK 3.0 a fuzzy—based platform that combine GIS and expert assessments for conservation strategies in cultural heritage. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 55, 263–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2022.03.012
Olushola Adeborode, K., Dora, M., Umeh, C., Hina, S. M., & Eldabi, T. (2025). Leveraging organisational agility in B2B ecosystems to mitigate food waste and loss: A stakeholder perspective. Industrial Marketing Management, 125, 254–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2025.01.007
Pérez-Romero, M. E., Álvarez-García, J., Flores-Romero, M. B., & Jiménez-Islas, D. (2023). UNESCO Global Geoparks 22 Years after Their Creation: Analysis of Scientific Production. Land, 12(3), 671. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12030671
Pimenta, A., & Kamruzzaman, L. (Md). (2024). Assessing the comprehensiveness and vertical coherence of climate change action plans: The case of Australia. Journal of Environmental Management, 369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122419
Pulido-Fernández, J. I., & Cárdenas-García, P. J. (2021). Analyzing the Bidirectional Relationship between Tourism Growth and Economic Development. Journal of Travel Research, 60(3), 583–602. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287520922316
Putro, D., & Warsito, T. (2023). Multi-Track Diplomacy of the Joint State Actor and Non-State Actor Proposed the Maros Pangkep Geopark to Become a UNESCO Global Geopark. Journal of Islamic World and Politics, 7(2), 200–211. https://doi.org/10.18196/jiwp.v7i2.74
Raharjo, S. T., Apsari, N. C., Humaedi, S., & Santoso, M. B. (2020). Identification of Stakeholder in The Management of Geopark Ciletuh in Sukabumi, West Java Indonesia. Geological Behavior, 4(2), 89–92. https://doi.org/10.26480/gbr.02.2020.89.92
Reed, M. S. (2008). Stakeholder participation for environmental management: A literature review. Biological Conservation, 141(10), 2417–2431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.07.014
Reina-Usuga, L., Camino, F., Gomez-Casero, G., & Jara Alba, C. A. (2024). Rural tourism initiatives and their relationship to collaborative governance and perceived value: A review of recent research and trends. In Journal of Destination Marketing and Management (Vol. 34). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2024.100926
Ristiawan, R., Huijbens, E., & Peters, K. (2023). Projecting Development through Tourism: Patrimonial Governance in Indonesian Geoparks. Land, 12(1), 223. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12010223
Rocha Da Silva, E. M. (2020). The contribution of the European UNESCO Global Geoparks for the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development-a study based on several data sources.
Rodrigues, J., Neto de Carvalho, C., Ramos, M., Ramos, R., Vinagre, A., & Vinagre, H. (2021). Geoproducts – Innovative development strategies in UNESCO Geoparks: Concept, implementation methodology, and case studies from Naturtejo Global Geopark, Portugal. International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks, 9(1), 108–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgeop.2020.12.003
Sarmiento Barletti, J. P., Larson, A. M., Hewlett, C., & Delgado, D. (2020). Designing for engagement: A Realist Synthesis Review of how context affects the outcomes of multi-stakeholder forums on land use and/or land-use change. In World Development (Vol. 127). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104753
Seyfi, S., Hall, C. M., & Saarinen, J. (2022). Rethinking sustainable substitution between domestic and international tourism: a policy thought experiment. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2022.2100410
Soares, C. A., Suryawan, A., & Senastri, I. G. B. (2021). Arrangement of The Batur Unesco Global Geopark Tourism Area Bangli Regency. Journal Equity of Law and Governance, X(1), 84–88. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22225/elg.v1i1.3252
Stoffelen, A. (2020). Where is the community in geoparks? A systematic literature review and call for attention to the societal embedding of geoparks. Area, 52(1), 97–104. https://doi.org/10.1111/area.12549
Ulibarri, N., Imperial, M. T., Siddiki, S., & Henderson, H. (2023). Drivers and Dynamics of Collaborative Governance in Environmental Management. Environmental Management, 71(3), 495–504. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-022-01769-7
Wahyudin, Y. A., Munir, A. M., & Rizki, K. (2023). Effectiveness of the UNESCO Global Geoparks Regime on Local Community Development in the Rinjani-Lombok UNESCO Global Geopark Area. Proceedings of the Southeast Asian Conference on Migration and Development (SeaCMD 2023), 251–263. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-362-7_19
Wondirad, A., Tolkach, D., & King, B. (2020). Stakeholder collaboration as a major factor for sustainable ecotourism development in developing countries. Tourism Management, 78, 104024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.104024
Abdillah, Y., Supriono, S., & Supriyono, B. (2022). Change and innovation in the development of Balinese dance in the garb of special interest tourism. Cogent Social Sciences, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2076962
Addyman, S. (2025). Taking a Selfie: Researcher-practitioner positionality and reflexivity in project scholarship. Project Leadership and Society, 6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plas.2024.100175
Al Hazar, B., Sumarmi, S., Astina, I. K., & Shrestha, R. P. (2024). Mappalili Ceremony in Supporting Unesco Version of Cultural Tourism in Maros- Pangkep Geopark. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 52(1), 360–371. https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.52135-1212
Ansell, C., Doberstein, C., Henderson, H., Siddiki, S., & ‘t Hart, P. (2020). Understanding inclusion in collaborative governance: a mixed methods approach. Policy and Society, 39(4), 570–591. https://doi.org/10.1080/14494035.2020.1785726
Ansell, C., & Gash, A. (2018). Collaborative Platforms as a Governance Strategy. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 28(1), 16–32. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mux030
Bryson, J. M., Crosby, B. C., & Stone, M. M. (2006). The Design and Implementation of Cross?Sector Collaborations: Propositions from the Literature. Public Administration Review, 66(s1), 44–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00665.x
Comendeiro-Maaløe, M., Ridao-López, M., Gorgemans, S., & Bernal-Delgado, E. (2019). A comparative performance analysis of a renowned public private partnership for health care provision in Spain between 2003 and 2015. Health Policy, 123(4), 412–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2018.11.009
Creswell, J. W. . (2007). Qualitative inquiry & research design?: choosing among five approaches. Sage Publications.
Emerson, K., & Nabatchi, T. (2015). Evaluating the productivity of collaborative governance regimes: A performance matrix. Public Performance and Management Review, 38(4), 717–747. https://doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2015.1031016
Frey, M.-L. (2021). Geotourism—Examining Tools for Sustainable Development. Geosciences, 11(1), 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11010030
Fung, A. (2006). Varieties of Participation in Complex Governance. Public Administration Review, 66(s1), 66–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00667.x
Ghorbani, M., & Azadi, H. (2021). A Social-Relational Approach for Analyzing Trust and Collaboration Networks as Preconditions for Rangeland Comanagement. Rangeland Ecology and Management, 75, 170–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2020.10.008
Hanson-DeFusco, J. (2023). What data counts in policymaking and programming evaluation – Relevant data sources for triangulation according to main epistemologies and philosophies within social science. Evaluation and Program Planning, 97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2023.102238
Ibrahim, M. S. N., Abdul-Halim, S., Ishak, M. Y., & Hassan, S. (2021). The local community awareness on Langkawi UNESCO Global Geopark status: Case of Kampung Padang Puteh, Langkawi, Malaysia. International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks, 9(2), 233–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgeop.2021.02.009
Johansson, J. (2024). What is at stake and what does it take? Collaborative governance and policy (in)action in the adoption of a National Forest Programme. Scandinavian Political Studies, 47(4), 552–574. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9477.12284
Kaze, K., Balta-Ozkan, N., & Shrimpton, E. (2025). Connecting power to people: Integrating community renewable energy and multi-level governance towards low-carbon energy transition in Nigeria. Energy Research and Social Science, 121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2025.103938
Khasanah, U., Martono, D. N., & Supriatna, S. (2023). Role and Effectiveness of the Ciletuh-Palabuhanratu Geopark in Acceleration Achievement of Sustainable Development Goals Pillars of Economic Development. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 9(10), 8034–8039. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i10.5403
labadi, S., Giliberto, F., Rosetti, I., Shetabi, L., & Yildirim, E. (2021). Heritage and the Sustainable Development Goals: Policy Guidance for Heritage And Development Actors. www.icomos.org
Lee, Y. J., & Jayakumar, R. (2021). Economic impact of UNESCO Global Geoparks on local communities: Comparative analysis of three UNESCO Global Geoparks in Asia. International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks, 9(2), 189–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgeop.2021.02.002
Maskun, Mukarramah, N. H. Al, Bachril, S. N., & Assidiq, H. (2021). Preservation of Rammang-Rammang biodiversity: questioning legal certainty of local community. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 886(1), 012024. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/886/1/012024
Mastika, I. K., Harsono, S. S., Khristianto, W., Oktawirani, P., & Hutama, P. S. (2023). Creative strategies of local resources in managing geotourism in the Ijen Geopark Bondowoso, East Java, Indonesia. International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks, 11(1), 149–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgeop.2023.01.002
Matshusa, K., Leonard, L., & Thomas, P. (2021). The Contribution of Geotourism to Social Sustainability: Missed Opportunity? The International Journal of Social Sustainability in Economic, Social, and Cultural Context, 17(1), 95–118. https://doi.org/10.18848/2325-1115/CGP/v17i01/95-118
Mihardja, E. J., Khansa, A., Azura, D., Didih, M., & Puja, D. R. (2022). Peningkatan Kapasitas Masyarakat Dalam Dalam Mempersiapkan Desa Geowisata Kopi Sesuai Dengan Konsep Community Based Tourism (Cbt) Di Ulubelu, Lampung. Jurnal IKRATH-ABDIMAS, 5(3), 242–246. https://journals.upi-yai.ac.id/index.php/IKRAITH-ABDIMAS/issue/archive
Moreno, M., Ortiz, R., Cagigas-Muñiz, D., Becerra, J., Martin, J. M., Prieto, A. J., Garrido-Vizuete, M. A., Macías-Bernal, J. M., Chávez, M. J., & Ortiz, P. (2022). ART-RISK 3.0 a fuzzy—based platform that combine GIS and expert assessments for conservation strategies in cultural heritage. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 55, 263–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2022.03.012
Olushola Adeborode, K., Dora, M., Umeh, C., Hina, S. M., & Eldabi, T. (2025). Leveraging organisational agility in B2B ecosystems to mitigate food waste and loss: A stakeholder perspective. Industrial Marketing Management, 125, 254–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2025.01.007
Pérez-Romero, M. E., Álvarez-García, J., Flores-Romero, M. B., & Jiménez-Islas, D. (2023). UNESCO Global Geoparks 22 Years after Their Creation: Analysis of Scientific Production. Land, 12(3), 671. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12030671
Pimenta, A., & Kamruzzaman, L. (Md). (2024). Assessing the comprehensiveness and vertical coherence of climate change action plans: The case of Australia. Journal of Environmental Management, 369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122419
Pulido-Fernández, J. I., & Cárdenas-García, P. J. (2021). Analyzing the Bidirectional Relationship between Tourism Growth and Economic Development. Journal of Travel Research, 60(3), 583–602. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287520922316
Putro, D., & Warsito, T. (2023). Multi-Track Diplomacy of the Joint State Actor and Non-State Actor Proposed the Maros Pangkep Geopark to Become a UNESCO Global Geopark. Journal of Islamic World and Politics, 7(2), 200–211. https://doi.org/10.18196/jiwp.v7i2.74
Raharjo, S. T., Apsari, N. C., Humaedi, S., & Santoso, M. B. (2020). Identification of Stakeholder in The Management of Geopark Ciletuh in Sukabumi, West Java Indonesia. Geological Behavior, 4(2), 89–92. https://doi.org/10.26480/gbr.02.2020.89.92
Reed, M. S. (2008). Stakeholder participation for environmental management: A literature review. Biological Conservation, 141(10), 2417–2431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.07.014
Reina-Usuga, L., Camino, F., Gomez-Casero, G., & Jara Alba, C. A. (2024). Rural tourism initiatives and their relationship to collaborative governance and perceived value: A review of recent research and trends. In Journal of Destination Marketing and Management (Vol. 34). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2024.100926
Ristiawan, R., Huijbens, E., & Peters, K. (2023). Projecting Development through Tourism: Patrimonial Governance in Indonesian Geoparks. Land, 12(1), 223. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12010223
Rocha Da Silva, E. M. (2020). The contribution of the European UNESCO Global Geoparks for the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development-a study based on several data sources.
Rodrigues, J., Neto de Carvalho, C., Ramos, M., Ramos, R., Vinagre, A., & Vinagre, H. (2021). Geoproducts – Innovative development strategies in UNESCO Geoparks: Concept, implementation methodology, and case studies from Naturtejo Global Geopark, Portugal. International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks, 9(1), 108–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgeop.2020.12.003
Sarmiento Barletti, J. P., Larson, A. M., Hewlett, C., & Delgado, D. (2020). Designing for engagement: A Realist Synthesis Review of how context affects the outcomes of multi-stakeholder forums on land use and/or land-use change. In World Development (Vol. 127). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104753
Seyfi, S., Hall, C. M., & Saarinen, J. (2022). Rethinking sustainable substitution between domestic and international tourism: a policy thought experiment. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2022.2100410
Soares, C. A., Suryawan, A., & Senastri, I. G. B. (2021). Arrangement of The Batur Unesco Global Geopark Tourism Area Bangli Regency. Journal Equity of Law and Governance, X(1), 84–88. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22225/elg.v1i1.3252
Stoffelen, A. (2020). Where is the community in geoparks? A systematic literature review and call for attention to the societal embedding of geoparks. Area, 52(1), 97–104. https://doi.org/10.1111/area.12549
Ulibarri, N., Imperial, M. T., Siddiki, S., & Henderson, H. (2023). Drivers and Dynamics of Collaborative Governance in Environmental Management. Environmental Management, 71(3), 495–504. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-022-01769-7
Wahyudin, Y. A., Munir, A. M., & Rizki, K. (2023). Effectiveness of the UNESCO Global Geoparks Regime on Local Community Development in the Rinjani-Lombok UNESCO Global Geopark Area. Proceedings of the Southeast Asian Conference on Migration and Development (SeaCMD 2023), 251–263. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-362-7_19
Wondirad, A., Tolkach, D., & King, B. (2020). Stakeholder collaboration as a major factor for sustainable ecotourism development in developing countries. Tourism Management, 78, 104024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.104024
Copyright and Licensing
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.